University of the West of England Home Page - Peter Hale Home Page - SEEDS Site Map - Text Only Site Map
University of the West of England Home Page - Peter Hale Home Page - SEEDS Site Map - Text Only Site Map
End User History - http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory.htm.
In the mid 1970s Smith introduced the technique of Programming by Example with a program called Pygmalion, Smith elaborated on this in Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration (Chapter 1). This demonstrated the need to describe algorithms through concrete examples rather than abstractly. 'Example-based Programming: a pertinent visual approach for learning to program' University of Poitiers explains and expands on Smiths work with an example demonstrating how numbers fail to reveal the concept behind them. The example is a numerical representation of a triangle. This representation is 'fregean' because it does not show the concept of a triangle. Next to this is a diagram of the triangle that does show the concept, this is referred to as 'analogical' representation because it includes the context of the information. Including the context of the information allows a person to discover meanings or relationships in the information which would not always be obvious. Semantic web languages allow for the context of the information to be represented in documents and so make it possible to represent information in an analogical way, as well as allowing two way interaction, leading to an improvement in information discovery. Chapter one of Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration [Cypher, 1993], explains how the Pygmalion language attempts to bridge the gap between the programmer's mental model of a subject and what the computer can accept. The author of this system David Smith went on to develop office oriented icons as part of the Xerox's "Star" computer project.
For this programming methodology, the user plays the role of a teacher, and the computer plays the role of a pupil. This can also be called Programming by Demonstration. The computer watches what the user does, creates a program based on this, and generalizes it for re-use in other examples. This allows end users to become programmers, and end users and programmers share the same interface. The computer can also be regarded as an intelligent agent. Henry Lieberman and Allen Cypher are two leading researchers in this field.
A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. Smith, D. C. (1977) Basel: Birkhauser. 187p.
Alan Kay, Allen Cypher - Watch What I Do: - Programming by Demonstration.
Example-based Programming: a pertinent visual approach for learning to program (2004) - University of Poitiers - Nicolas Guibert - Patrick Girard - Laurent Guittet - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces - Pages: 358 - 361 - ISBN:1-58113-867-9.
Programming by Demonstration - http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/PBE/index.html - Massachusetts Institute of Technology - MIT Lab.
Programming by Demonstration Tutorial - http://giove.cnuce.cnr.it/EUD-NET/slides-workshop/PBE-Tutorial2.ppt - Henry Lieberman - MIT Lab - EUD-Net.
Pygmalion: A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. Stuttgart, Basel - University of Calgary Summary - Smith, D. C. 1977.
Teaching and Learning Programming with a Programming by Example System - International Symposium on End User Development - Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin (Bonn), Germany - October 6-7, 2003 - Nicolas Guibert, Patrick Girard.
The Geometer's Sketchpad:Programming by Geometry - http://www.acypher.com/wwid/Chapters/13Sketchpad.html - R. Nicholas Jackiw and William F. Finzer - from Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration - edited by Allen Cypher co-edited by Daniel C. Halbert, David Kurlander, Henry Lieberman, David Maulsby, Brad A. Myers, and Alan Turransky.
Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration - Cypher, A, 1993, MIT Press, ISBN:0262032139.
http://www.acypher.com/wwid/ - Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration - The entire text of this book is included on this web site. Access it through the Table of Contents.
http://www.acypher.com/wwid/FrontMatter/index.html.
Your Wish is My Command: Giving Users the Power to Instruct their Software - http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Your-Wish/ - Henry Lieberman, editor.
E-Learning - http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~phale/ELearning.htm.
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